This book seeks to shed fresh light on pressing historical, exegetical, and theological aspects of both Paul and Judaism that remain central to the claims of the Paul within Judaism perspective. Key questions in this conversation concern the ethnic and religious significance of Paul’s turning to Jesus Christ, the scope of Paul’s mission, Paul’s understanding of and adherence to the Jewish Law, Paul’s relationship to his fellow Jews and his attitude towards the Jewish temple and synagogue, Paul’s convictions about the ethnic boundaries and eschatological future of national Israel, Paul’s views on the interrelationship between Jews and Gentiles, and Paul’s conception of sin and salvation for both Jews and Gentiles. By probing these and other important issues, this collection aims to test the viability of the Paul within Judaism perspective and to make other significant contributions to the study of Pauline theology.