At eighty-five, Jacques Maritain, the most distinguished Catholic philosopher of the twentieth century, has written what he offers as his last book, and it turns out to be a shocker. The “peasant,” as Maritain calls himself in the title, is a man who calls a spade a spade; and a storm of controversy descended immediately on the book’s publication in France, as both Right and Left reeled from the force of Maritain’s criticism.

The Peasant of the Garonne is a sharp attack on the “new philosophy,” hoping to cool off the fever for change that Maritain believes is imperiling the church’s traditional spirituality and even the substance of doctrine. There is sardonic humor in his treatment of Teilhardians, phenomenologists, existentialists, new-style biblical critics, and clerical Freudians, but Maritain is deeply serious in warning that their capitulation to fashioniable trends represents a kind of “kneeling before the world.”