At the start of the 20th century, there emerged a confrontation between optimistic faith in ongoing progress that was characteristic of Roman Catholic Modernism (1890 - 1914) and a bleaker mentality produced by the horror and death wrought the Great War. All of this together led to material devastation and a loss of cultural patrimony that was acutely felt by many of those who had invested efforts in ecclesiastical and social reform. Questions thus naturally arise: how did those who were confronted by the death and suffering of the war, in some cases very directly, reconcile their experiences with their modernist faith? How did they deal with the massive counterfactual of the Great War to religious beliefs that had looked to a future filed with promise? They had aspired to embrace modernity; how did they react when that embrace turned so deadly? These are the questions this book seeks to address.