[The basis of much conflict and a source for recurrent political instability within Egypt is the inability to define a common national identity. The lack of a shared identity affects all Egyptians, but it impacts Egypt's Coptic Christians the most deeply. Once major contributors to Christian civilization, the Copts' impact came to an end after the Council of Chalcedon in the 5th century and they endured persecution for their faith. With the advent of the Arabs to Egypt in the 7th century to Copts were given a different status. The dhimma status, the core of the Islamic identity, would be credited with the process of Islamization and Arabization of Egypt. In the modern era, the Egyptians formed a consensus on a national Egyptian identity to unify themselves during the 191 Revolution for independence. This allowed the Copts room for political participation. But, the 1952 Revolution ended the liberal democracy and established a military regime, and President Nasser championed an Arab identity. In the 2011 Revolution, secular, liberal Egyptians rebelled against President Mubarak's regime, yet his successor was the Muslim Brotherhood's President Morsi who became Eygpt's first Islamist president. Another revolution led by secular, liberal Egyptians in 2013 removed President Morsi and brought President el-Sisi. The June 30, 2013 Revolution was a fight over Egypt's identity and the Copts suffered the brunt of violence.]