Law, Autonomy, and Vulnerability: Supporting and Protecting Older Adults in Japan explores how adult support and protection legislation can integrate adult guardianship, supported decision-making, and elder abuse prevention, particularly in light of the limitations of Japan's current guardianship system. It develops the concept of legal advocacy for vulnerable adults at the intersection of civil and social security law, grounded in two frameworks: the vulnerability-autonomy approach from common law traditions and a comparative legal analysis of Japan and Australia. The central question asks how legal and policy frameworks can respect individual will while ensuring effective, community-based implementation.

The analysis unfolds in three parts. First, it conceptualizes adult support and protection legislation as a rights-based framework that prioritizes individualized support through the least restrictive means. Second, it examines institutional safeguards and evolving norms around supported decision-making, including soft-law developments and legislative models such as Australia's. Third, it proposes a community-based support model, led by quasi-public core agencies that coordinate with courts, municipalities, and local networks.

Three main contributions emerge: (1) a normative foundation for adult support legislation in Japan, (2) an analysis of Victoria's Guardianship and Administration Act 2019 as a case of integrating empirical research and stakeholder input, and (3) an operational model for community-based adult protection. A legislative roadmap for Japan is presented, showing how supported decision-making can be incrementally codified, with guardianship reserved as a last resort. Although the discussion focuses on community support and protection in Japan, its underlying principles have relevance for adult protection internationally.