The monograph examines the rich literary and publicistic activity of Mirza Fatali Akhundov, a key participant in the modernist movement in Azerbaijan in the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, as well as a founder of national philosophical-aesthetic thought and comic art. It also explores the contributions of major modernist figures such as Hasan bey Zardabi, Najaf bey Vezirov, Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev, and prominent writers of the early twentieth century, including Jalil Mammadguluzadeh and Uzeyir Hajibeyov. The study focuses on their distinctive literary creativity and on the philosophical and ethical interpretation of national and spiritual foundations, viewed through the lens of identity-an issue relevant to all historical periods and particularly significant in the modern era. The monograph further analyzes contemporary philosophical criteria shaped by the stage of globalization, examining them within an interdisciplinary framework and establishing their scientific and objective significance.