For over a thousand years, Eastern Christendom had as its center the second capital of the Roman Empire - Constantinople, the "New Rome", or Byzantium. The geographical division between the Eastern and Western Churches was only one manifestation of deeper rifts, characterized by a long history of conflicts, suspicions, and misunderstandings. Although the art, monasticism, and spirituality of Byzantium have come to be recognized as inspirational and influential in the shaping of Eastern European civilization, and of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance as well, the West has been in the main ignorant of the historical evolution and the doctrinal significance of Byzantine theology. Here, for the first time in English, is a synthesis of Byzantine Christian thought. The reader is guided through its complexities to an understanding of Byzantium; its view of man and his destiny of "deification"; its ability to transcend the "Western captivity"; and its survival under diverse historical circumstances.