In Unlikely Allies: Monotheism and the Rise of Science, author Mark Worthing embarks on an intriguing exploration of the historical relationship between religious traditions and the development of the natural sciences. Worthing challenges the commonly held belief that religion, particularly monotheistic religion, is inherently antagonistic towards science. Instead, he argues that monotheism has played a crucial and unique role in fostering the conditions necessary for the emergence and growth of modern science.

Worthing's position centres on the idea that monotheism, more broadly than any specific religious tradition, provided a fertile ground for scientific inquiry. He identifies several key features of monotheism that contributed to this environment. Firstly, the belief in a single, rational, and orderly God who created the universe in a rational and orderly way laid the groundwork for the assumption that the natural world is comprehensible and governed by consistent laws. This belief encouraged early scientists to seek out and understand these laws, confident that the universe's creator had imbued it with structure and predictability.

Moreover, monotheism's emphasis on the importance of studying and understanding God's creation fostered a spirit of inquiry and exploration. Religious scholars and clerics, motivated by their faith, often engaged in scientific pursuits as a way to glorify God by uncovering the intricacies of his creation. This theological framework provided both the motivation and the justification for scientific endeavours, bridging the gap between faith and reason.

Worthing also highlights the historical role of Christianity in particular, noting its significant contributions to the rise of science. While not solely responsible for the development of scientific thought, Christianity played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting knowledge through monastic communities and early universities. These institutions became centres of learning where religious and scientific studies coexisted and complemented each other.

The book provides numerous historical examples to support Worthing's thesis, demonstrating that many prominent early scientists were devout Christians whose faith inspired and guided their scientific work. Figures such as Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilei are cited not only for their scientific achievements but also for their deep religious convictions, which influenced their approach to understanding the natural world.

In conclusion, Unlikely Allies presents a compelling case for reevaluating the perceived conflict between monotheism and science. Worthing's thorough investigation reveals that, contrary to popular perception, monotheism and the natural sciences have been unlikely allies for over two millennia. By highlighting the historical and philosophical connections between religious belief and scientific inquiry, Worthing invites readers to appreciate the nuanced and mutually enriching relationship that has historically existed between faith and reason. This book is a valuable contribution to the ongoing dialogue about the compatibility of religion and science, offering a nuanced perspective that challenges simplistic and adversarial narratives.