Science and Theology: Ruminations on the Cosmos presents the keynote addresses of a unique meeting organized by the Vatican Observatory, which aimed to facilitate dialogue between science and religion among established philosophers, theologians, and scientists that would also be relevant in the work and lives of young scholars. The speakers include young scientists, alumni of Vatican Observatory Schools presenting research, and renowned international scholars offering insights into pertinent topics, including William Carroll on creation in Aquinas and Big Bang cosmology, Owen Gingerich on intelligent design, Ernan McMullin on the anthropic principle, and Lynn Rothschild on astrobiology. This well-balanced collection integrates new factual scientific research into religious and philosophical discussion.