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Japan has had three Catholic prime ministers, and its currentempress was raised and educated in the faith. How did a non-Christiannation come to foster more Catholic leaders than the United States, particularly when Protestantism is said to define Christianity in Japanand Catholicism is believed to be but a fleeting element of thecountry's so-called Christian century? Far from being a relic of the past - something brought toJapan by sixteenth-century missionaries such as Francis Xavier and thenforgotten - Catholicism offered, and continues to provide, an authentic way for Japanese to shape their own cultural identities.This volume documents the appeal of Catholicism not only among farmersand fishers but also among scientists, diplomats, novelists, andmembers of the imperial household who have answered the challenge ofChristianity and found inspiration in Catholicism since the latenineteenth century. Associated with the past, Catholicism has offeredmany Japanese an alternative way to maintain "tradition"and negotiate modernity. This path-breaking exploration ofCatholicism's long-term influence on Japan challenges thedeep-seated tendency to juxtapose the traditional, non-Christian Eastwith the modern and Christian West.